Impaired Mitogen-Driven Proliferation and Cytokine Transcription of Lymphocytes from Macaques Early After Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) Infection

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Abstract
Altered cytokine transcription might play an important role in the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in humans. The infection of rhesus macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) provides a relevant animal model for HIV infection. Therefore, we evaluated the cyokine transcription of phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated lymphocytes in the early phase after infection of four rhesus macaques with pathogenic SIV-mac239. To determine transcription of interleukin (IL)-2, interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 we established a semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). After inoculation with SIV, all monkeys became productively infected and developed an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) like disease. Infection was associated with a proliferation dysfunction of monkey lymphocytes in response to PHA. In addition, a decreasing overall cytokine transcription could be observed during the course of SIV infection. These findings demonstrate that an impairment of the lymphocyte function is associated with a reduced cytokine transcription in the early phase of an immunodeficiency virus infection. The observed differences of cytokine expression might contribute to the impaired immune response of SIV-infected monkeys and HIV-infected humans.