Ammonia toxicity: Comparative protective effect of various arginine and ornithine derivatives, aspartate, benzoate, and carbamyl glutamate

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Abstract
Ornithine and arginine compounds were highly effective in preventing an increase in blood ammonia and in preventing or minimizing encephalopathy after acute subcoma, comainducing, or lethal doses of NH 4 + . Similar protection was seen after subacute loading with glycine. Ornithine ketoacid derivatives were no more effective than ornithine alone or ornithine glutamate. Ornithine appeared to be a little more effective than arginine, but the differences were slight. Aspartate and glutamate alone were ineffective. Carbamyl glutamate was much less effective than either ornithine glutamate or arginine glutamate. Orotic acid excretion was markedly increased in the presence of excess NH 4 + . This increment was eliminated with ornithine or arginine, although the reduction with arginine was unpredictably erratic. Aspartate increased the orotic acid excretion and the amount of urea formed. Sodium benzoate was borderline in its effect on the blood ammonia and on orotic acid excretion.