Real-time assessment of seed dormancy and seedling growth for weed management

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Abstract
Computer software called WeedCast was developed to simulate weed seed dormancy, timing of seedling emergence, and seedling height growth in crop environments in real-time and using actual or forecasted weather data. Weather data include daily rainfall and minimum and maximum air temperatures. Air temperatures are converted to average daily soil temperature at 5-cm soil depth using a series of equations that are specific for soil type, tillage system and previous year's crop-residue type. Daily rainfall and soil temperature estimates are combined to determine soil water potential (in megapascals) at 5-cm depth. Daily estimated soil water potential or soil temperatures are matched to empirically-derived threshold values that induce secondary dormancy in seeds of certain species. Soil growing degree days (GDD), calculated from soil temperatures, are used to project maximum emergence rates of weed seedlings. Emergence ceases on days when soil water potential falls below threshold values specific to each species. GDD based on air temperatures are used to estimate post-emergence seedling height growth. All three types of simulation provide information that allows users to answer important weed management questions in real-time. These types of questions include but are not limited to the following: (1) Are soil-applied treatments necessary? (2) How late can pre-emergence herbicides be applied? (3) When should mechanical control be implemented? (4) When should field-scouting commence and end? (5) When should post-emergence herbicides be applied?