The inhibition of the paracrine progression of prostate cancer as an approach to early therapy of prostatic carcinoma

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Abstract
The prevalence of neural elements in prostatic carcinoma and their effects on the behavior of the lesion have recently been recognized. Recent reports suggest that chromogranin-A- and neuron-specific enolase-expressing tumors have an earlier progression and a lower response rate to hormonal therapy. The extreme presentation of this tumor is presumed to be small cell carcinoma of the prostate. This bombesin-secreting tumor, which has a characteristic clinical picture of early visceral involvement, wide-ranging metastases, and a relatively low rate of expression of PSA and PAP, is highly responsive to chemotherapy. The relatively high rate of expression of neural elements in primary prostatic carcinoma is discordant with the low frequency of clinical small cell carcinoma of the prostate. In order to account for these differences, one can assume that neural elements may play a role in the progression of this disease by either developing their own neoplastic process (small cell carcinoma of the prostate) or, in the majority of cases, causing paracrine progression of the tumor. Bombesin is typically secreted by small cell carcinoma of the lung and possibly by the prostate. It has been shown to be a growth factor mediating the progression of this disease in a number of experiments. Preclinical data demonstrate increased invasiveness and increased proliferation associated with bombesin in the treatment of prostatic carcinoma. Based on the hypothesis that neural peptides may be important mediators of androgen-independent growth of prostatic carcinoma as well as predicting poor prognosis, inhibition of these factors may represent a therapeutic strategy of relevance for the treatment of patients with prostatic carcinoma.