Surgical treatment of parathyroid disease: A review

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Abstract
Since the first parathyroidectomy was performed by Mandl in 1925, there have been many advances in our understanding of the parathyroid gland and its related disorders of calcium homeostasis. Our ability to establish the diagnosis of parathyroid neoplasia and locate the source of autonomous parathormone production has also dramatically improved. Nevertheless, it was the advent of the routine calcium and phosphate screening done on the sequential multiple analyzer (SMA‐12) that has caused a tremendous increase in the number of patients who are diagnosed to have hyperparathyroidism and who therefore present for surgical treatment. Essential for successful and uncomplicated treatment of this disorder is a thorough understanding of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the parathyroid glands. This review will consider the parathyroid glands in their normal state, as well as the diagnosis and management of the various disorders associated with them.