The ultrastructure of oral (buccopharyngeal) membrane formation and rupture in the anuran embryo

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Abstract
The ultrastructure of the oral (buccopharyngeal) membrane was examined by transmission and electron microscopy in the anuran, Rana japonica, embryo. The stomodeum is recognizable on the ventral surface anterior to the neural folds as the neural folds are beginning to close (neural tube stage). The stomodeum is gradually enlarged and deepened as development proceeds. At the neural tube stage, the oral membrane is 5–7 cell layers thick and the stomodeal ectodermal cells are cuboidal and the foregut endodermal cells are cuboidal or columnar. Desmosomes and basal lamina could not be found between the ectodermal and endodermal epithelia. The oral membrane gradually thins between the neural tube and hatching stages. At the hatching stage, the oral membrane becomes two or three cell layers thick and each cell is flattened. Many perforations of the oral membrane occur after hatching and the oral membrane appears “net‐like.” Necrotic cells occur in the oral membrane and these cells contain many autophagic vacuoles. ACPase‐positive lysosomes, Golgi regions, and autophagic vacuoles were present in the oral membrane. At the asymmetrical trunk stage, a large part of the oral membrane disappears and only remnants are left.