A Preliminary Report on a Method for Studying the Permeability of Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene Membrane to Bacteria In Vitro: A Scanning Electron Microscopic and Histological Study

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Abstract
The technique of guided tissue regeneration using expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) membranes has been shown to be effective in implant dentistry (bony defects, extremely thin alveolar ridges, and implants placed in fresh extraction sockets). One of the drawbacks associated with the use of membranes is their premature exposure with consequent bacterial contamination. The aim of this study was to examine the possibility that oral bacteria migrate through the occlusive portion of ePTFE membranes and to determine the time needed for microorganisms to pass from the outer surface to the inner surface of the membranes. A removable acrylic device was adapted to the molarpremolar region of one quadrant of the jaws in each of three volunteers. Five cylindrical teflon chambers were glued to the buccal aspect of each device. The chambers were divided into two rooms separated by the inner portion of a ePTFE membrane. The outer room was open to the oral cavity allowing plaque accumulation; the inner room was isolated from the oral cavity by the ePTFE membrane. One of the 5 chambers was completely closed and used as control. The test period lasted for 4 weeks. Every week, one chamber was removed from each device and processed for scanning electron microscopic and histologic examinations. Our study showed the possibility that oral bacteria may contaminate ePTFE membranes exposed to the oral cavity. One specimen showed partial bacterial penetration after 2 and 3 weeks, but after 4 weeks, all membrane specimens demonstrated bacterial contamination. Complete bacterial penetration through the membrane and contamination of the inner surface was observed in one specimen after 3 weeks and in two specimens after 4 weeks of exposure to the oral cavity. Therefore, the partially occlusive porosity of the membranes seems to be able to delay bacterial penetration through the membrane for approximately 3 to 4 weeks. After this time, prematurely exposed membranes should probably be removed to prevent bacterial infection of the underlying regenerating tissues. J Periodontol 1994;65:755–761.