Abstract
This review has dealt with some aspects of the growing points in divalent ion metabolism in renal disease and its treatment. Further advances will only be made when the exact mechanisms of the uraemic toxic state and its action on the variety of cellular membrane and intracellular metabolic functions has been elucidated. The interaction of hormones and these toxins are beginning to be looked at in the isolated cellular systems and many clinical observations remain to be worked out at this level.

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