THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 52. Achillea millefolium L. S.L.

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Abstract
A review is provided of information on the biology of yarrow (Achillea millefolium L., sensu lato) a very complex polyploid group in Canada. Native variants occur across Canada and consist of both tetraploid and hexaploid races. Introduced hexaploids occur predominately in eastern Canada. Yarrow is found as a weed in pastures, meadows, lawns, roadsides and waste places. The species has a wide climatic range and is particularly drought-tolerant. Vegetative spread is rapid, increasing competitive advantage in closed communities, whereas seed reproductive allocation is low. Plants of the species are self-incompatible and insect-pollinated. Factors affecting seed germination are summarized; these include response to temperature, moisture, light, seed age, nitrate ions, sowing depth and fertilizers. Yarrow control in pastures may be provided by 3,6 dichloropicolinic acid or herbicide mixtures containing diclorprop or mecoprop.

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