Piping

Abstract
Five conditions that must all be present for that type of erosion known as piping where the subsoil erodes out from under the surface to occur are as follows: (1) there must be a source of wateer, (2) surface infiltration rate must exceed permeability rate of some subsoil layer, (3) mere must be an erodible layer just above the retarding layer (4) water above the retarding layer must have a hydraulic gradient to make it flow, and (5) there must be an outlet for the lateral flow.
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