Tyrosine and carboxyl protonation changes in the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle. 2. Tyrosines-26 and -64

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Abstract
Low-temperature Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and UV difference spectroscopies combined with selective tyrosine nitration and tyrosine isotopic labeling have been used to investigate the participation of tyrosines-26 and -64 in the bacteriorhodopsin (bR) photocycle. Nitration of Tyr-26 has no detectable effect on the FTIR or UV difference spectra of the BR570 .fwdarw. K630 or BR570 .fwdarw. M412 transitions. In contrast, nitration of Tyr-64 causes changes in both the FTIR and UV spectra of these transitions. However, this nitration does not alter tyrosine peaks in the FTIR difference spectra which have previously been associated with the protonation of a tyrosinate by K630 and the deprotonation of a tyrosine by M412 [Roepe, P., Ahl, P. L. Das Gupta, S. K., Herzfeld, J., and Rothschild, K. J. (1987) Biochemistry (preceding paper in this issue)]. Instead, Tyr-64 nitration appears to affect other tyrosine peaks. These results and changes in UV difference spectra upon Tyr-64 nitration are consistent with the deprotonation of Tyr-64 by M412 as concluded previously [Scherrer, P., and Stoeckenius, W. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 7733-7740]. Effects on chromophore vibrations caused by Tyr-64 nitration are unaltered upon reducing the nitrotyrosine to aminotyrosine with sodium dithionite. Finally, nitro-Tyr-64 causes a shift in the frequency of a positive peak at 1739 cm-1 in the BR570 and M412 FTIR difference spectrum which reflects the protonation of a carboxyl-containing residue [Engelhard, M., Gerwert, K., Hess, B., Kreutz, W., and Siebert, F. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 400-407; Roepe, P., Ahl, P. L., Das Gupta, S. K., Herzfeld, J., and Rothschild, K. J. (1987) Biochemistry (preceding paper in this tissue)]. The shift does not occur for samples containing amino-Tyr-64. These data suggest that Tyr-64 may interact with this carboxyl group.