Premature death with bladder outlet obstruction and hyperprolactinemia in new zealand black × new zealand white mice treated with ethinyl estradiol and 17 beta—estradiol

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Abstract
Objective. To determine causes of death, estrogen toxicity, and hyperprolactinemia in a murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods. Female New Zealand Black × New Zealand White (NZB × NZW) mice were implanted with ethinyl estradiol, 17 beta—estradiol, or empty capsules (controls). Results. Estrogen‐treated mice developed striking hyperprolactinemia and died prematurely with genitourinary complications. Conclusion. Implanted estrogens, including 17 beta—estradiol in a dose reported previously to stimulate SLE, contribute to premature death in NZB × NZW mice, through toxic effects. Estrogen therapy increases the level of prolactin, an immunostimulatory hormone.