Choline Depletion, frq Mutations, and Temperature Compensation of the Circadian Rhythm in Neurospora crassa

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Abstract
In the fungus Neurospora crassa, the chol-1 mutation blocks the synthesis of the lipid phosphatidylcholine and also lengthens the period of the circadian rhythm of conidiation under conditions of choline depletion. The frq mutations, which have no known metabolic defect, affect both the period of the rhythm and temperature compensation. In this article, the chol-1 mutant strain has been further characterized with respect to its temperature compensation and its interactions with frq. Choline depletion of chol-1 abolishes good temperature compensation: Low temperatures lengthen the period under choline-depleted conditions, and low choline lengthens the period at any one temperature. Double-mutant strains carrying both chol-1 and one of a series of frq alleles demonstrate interactions between chol-1 and frq: On high choline, the periods of the double mutants are identical to the corresponding chol+ strains, whereas on low choline all double mutants display very long periods (greater than 50 h). Short-period frq mutations shorten the long period on low choline, whereas long-period frq mutations have no effect. A null frq mutation in the chol-1 background is arrhythmic on high choline but is robustly rhythmic on low choline and has no effect on the long period. The interactions between frq and chol-1 are similar to the interactions between frq and cel, another lipid-deficient mutant. These results provide support for the hypothesis that membrane lipids may be involved in temperature compensation of the circadian rhythm. The possibility is discussed that the frq gene may not be required for circadian rhythmicity under some conditions and therefore may not be a central component of the circadian oscillator but rather a component of an input pathway.