Some Sources of Bias and Sampling Error in Radio Triangulation

Abstract
Data were collected [from radio-tracking Canis latrans] when transmitters and receivers were at known locations. One method used to determine the direction of the transmitters, called the loudest-signal method, had an overall bias of 0.2.degree. and a sampling error of 3.9.degree.. A 2nd method, called the null-average method, had an overall bias of -2.9.degree. and a sampling error of 1.1.degree.. Biases of the different factors for the null-average method differed significantly. Factors examined were observers, days, receivers, distance between transmitters and receivers and transmitters. None of these had significantly different biases when the loudest-signal method was used. Error arcs can be drawn about averaged readings. The intersection of 2 or more error arcs forms an error polygon. The probability that a transmitter is within the intersection of those arcs is the product of the individual probabilities.

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