Temporal patterns of cytokine and apoptosis‐related gene expression in spinal cords of the G93A‐SOD1 mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

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Abstract
Familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS) is often caused by gain‐of‐function mutations in Cu,Zn‐superoxide dismutase (SOD1). Multiprobe ribonuclease protection assays (RPAs) were used to investigate expression of 36 different cytokines and apoptosis‐related genes in spinal cords of mice that ubiquitously express human SOD1 bearing a glycine (r) alanine substitution at residue 93 (G93A‐SOD1). Mice were studied at late presymptomatic stage (80 days), and at 120 days when the animals experience severe hindlimb paralysis and accumulation of oxidatively modified proteins. Spinal cord tissue from G93A‐SOD1 mice expressed a selective subset of macrophage‐typical cytokines (monokines) including interleukin (IL)1α, IL1β and IL1RA at 80 days increasing by 120 days. Contrastingly, T‐cell derived cytokines (lymphokines) including IL2, IL3 and IL4 were detected at low levels in non‐transgenic mice but these were not elevated in G93A‐SOD1 mice even at 120 days. Apoptosis‐related genes were generally unaffected at 80 days but multiple caspases and death receptor components were up‐regulated at 120 days; the only exceptions being FADD and the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α receptor p55 which was up‐regulated at 80 days and increased further at 120 days. These data indicate that in the G93A‐SOD1 mouse: (i) cytokine expression changes precede bulk protein oxidation and apoptosis gene expression; (ii) lymphocyte contributions to cytokine expression in FALS are likely minor; and (iii) TNFα and its receptors may link inflammation to apoptosis in ALS.