Studies on the eyes of catfishes with special reference to the tapetum lucidum

Marine catfishes (Ariidae) and freshwater catfishes (Ictaluridae) have ocular tapeta lucida. Species examined were Bagre marinus (Mitchill), Arius felis (L.), Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), I. natalis (Lesueur), I. nebulosus (Lesueur) and Pylodictis olivaris (Rafinesque). The tapeta are white reflectors located in the pigment epithelium; they occupy most of the fundus except for a narrow black ventral field. A more extensive study was made of the tapetum of the hardhead catfish A. felis. In histologic sections the tapetum is yellow brown and is easily confused with retinal pigment. It can be distinguished because it stains with ferric-ferricyanide and dissolves in methanol-hydrochloric acid after Carnoy fixation. The tapetum is occluded by melanosomes which move inwards in light, and it is exposed by movement outwards of melanosomes in dim light or darkness. Electron microscopy shows that processes of the pigment epithelial cells contain many membrane-bound tapetal spheres which enclose the tapetal pigment and are responsible for reflexion of light. Spheres are 370 nm in diameter (average); there are about 5.5 spheres in 1 $\mu $m$^{3}$, and the tapetum is about 90 $\mu $m thick. Rods and cones are equal in number; rods form a single layer, cones are single and possess an accessory outer segment. Transmission of the tapetum is minimal at short wavelengths and rises steadily above 500 nm. Reflectance is diffuse; it rises to a maximum at 500 nm, and is high at long wavelengths. The tapetum has a high refractive index, ca. 1.56, favouring light scattering. Some characteristics of the extracted tapetal pigment are presented: it is light yellow, and absorbance maxima occur at 260 and 330 nm in acidic methanol. The pigment epithelium contains lysosome-like bodies but no myeloid bodies. The hardhead retina contains a visual pigment 527$_{2}$. Measurements of natural light (irradiance) in coastal waters inhabited by sea catfishes are presented: the waters are turbid and transmit maximally at 575 to 580 nm. The findings, in relation to earlier work on the catfish eye, performance of the eye and habits of the fish are discussed.