Protective Effects of Antioxidants Against Uraemia-Induced Lipid Peroxidation and Glutathione Depletion in Humans

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Abstract
The effects of uraemias and antioxidant therapy for 40 days with vitamin A, vitamin C and vitamin E on blood and erythrocyte sulfhydryl (glutathione, GSH) content and on erythrocyte glutathione-S transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GSR) and glutathione peroxidase activities were studied in six uraemic patients maintained on haemodialysis. In addition, the effect of antioxidant therapy on erythrocyte lipid peroxidation was determined, and erythrocyte haemoglobin content was measured. Uraemic patients in dialysis exhibited significant decreases in blood and erythrocyte GSH content as well as significant decreases in the activities of GST, GSR and GSH-peroxidase relative to control subjects. Furthermore, the uraemic patients had elevated erythrocyte malondialdehyde levels. Blood and erythrocyte GSH content from uraemic patients was significantly elevated after 20 days of antioxidant treatment and remained elevated thereafter throughout the remaining 20 days of the study (130% and 173%, respectively). Antioxidant therapy also produced significant increases in GSR and GSH-peroxidase activities after 20 days of treatment which remained relatively constant thereafter. No significant change in GST activity was observed. Erythrocyte malondialdehyde levels, as an index of oxidative tissue damage, exhibited a significant decrease (70%) in the patients after 40 days of antioxidant therapy. A gradual increase in erythrocyte haemoglobin content was observed following treatment of the uraemic subjects (45% at day 40). The results suggest that antioxidant therapy may protect against oxidative stress associated with uraemia.