Role of boundary conditions in the finite-size Ising model

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Abstract
Boundary conditions monitor the finite-size dependence of scaling functions for the Ising model. We study the low-temperature phase for the extremely anisotropic limit, or quantum version of the 2D classical Ising model, by means of combined exact results and large-size numerical calculations. The mass gap (inverse of correlation length) is the suitable order parameter for the finite system, and its finite-size behavior is studied as a function of variable boundary conditions. We find that the well-known exponential convergence to zero of the mass gap is only valid in a limited range of parameters; it strikingly changes into a power law for antiperiodic boundary conditions. We suggest that this puzzling phenomenon is associated with topological excitations.