Studies on the Action of Electrolytes on Bacteria. Part I. The Action of Monovalent and Divalent Salts on the Conductivity of Bacterial Emulsions

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Abstract
The action of univalent and bivalent salts on bacteria in affeting the conductivity of thick emulsions of the meningococcus andB. colidemonstrates the important fact, that they alter the conductivity of these germs in the living condition, in a very definite manner. In this alteration, the predominant part is played by the cat-ion.All monovalent cat-ions, with the exception of the H-ion, such as those of Na, K, Li, Rb, produce a rapid increase in conductivity or a fall in resistance. In its early stages this increase in conductivity is readily reversible in these solutions. If allowed to follow its due course, however, it leads finally to death in about two hours, when the bacterial cells no longer offer any resistance to the passage of the ions. The conductivity of the emulsion then becomes that of the fluid in which the emulsion has been suspended.Bivalent cat-ions and the H-ion, on the other hand, at first produce a slight fall in conductivity or an increase in resistance, followed, swecondly, by an irreversible increase in conductivity which is slow and gradual resulting finally in death after 48 or more hours. This is shown by the car-ions of Ca, Sr, Ba, and Cd.In a balanced solution such as sea-water, blood plasma, Ringer's solution, van't Hoff's solution, where a certain quantity of CaCl2antagonises a larger amount of NaCl and KCl, the conductivity of bacterial emulsions undergoes no change, but remains constant.Dead in distinction to living bacteria offer little resistance to the passage of ions of a solution. It would seem the relativity high resistance of the bacterial cell is due to some condition present in the living and absent in the dead state.It has been shown by experiments on animals that the condition of increased conductivity of the cell is coupled with a loss of virulence in the case of some pathogenic bacteria. It is not clear from these experiments if this is due to the actual death of the germs in a monovalent salt solution, or to a detoxicating action of these solutions on the germs. It would seem there is some evidence for believing that the latter takes place, as the lost lethal power returns in the presence of a small trace of Ca. In bivalent salt solutions no loss of toxicity takes place. It has been pointed out that the action of monovalent and bivalent salts on bacteria offers a new explanation of certain experiments with gas gangrene organisms, where it is at present considered that the action of the salts are on the tissues of the animal and not on the bacteria.

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