The distribution and frequency of tornadoes in the United States From 1880 to 1931

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Abstract
This paper is the second statistical study of tornadoes in the United States. The first paper (see Charles W. Brown, A study of the time‐, areal‐, and type‐distribution of tornadoes in the United States, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 14th Annual Meeting, pp. 100–106, 1933) covered only the last 15 years from 1917 to 1931.The present contribution is based upon a study of all the data, which may vary in completeness in the various states and years with the personnel, contained in the publications of the Weather Bureau for 52 years from 1880 to 1931. The previous study, though for a shorter period, included 2017 tornadoes (54.1 per cent) of the total number, 3911, whereas the present study includes for the earlier 37‐year period but 1894 tornadoes. Earlier graphs have been revised and the later data have been added thereto. In addition, new studies for the entire time have been made of the hourly occurrence, the frequency, and the damage possibilities of different areas, and all the tornadic tracks of the half‐century have been plotted on one map (Fig. 1, which is copyrighted). These latter studies are already serving as a basis in part for revision of tornado‐insurance rates. Further theoretical and statistical studies are in progress.

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