The effect of the hydrogen ionophore closantel upon the pharmacology and ultrastructure of the adult liver flukeFasciola hepatica

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Abstract
The present study describes the effects of the H+ ionophore and anthelmintic closantel upon the in vitro motility and in vivo ultrastructure of the liver fluke,Fasciola hepatica. At a concentration of 50 μg/ml, closantel caused an initial stimulation, then suppression of activity, which was accompanied by an increase in muscle tone and led to a spastic paralysis within 2 h. The pattern of response was similar at lower concentrations, although the initial stimulation was not always evident, but the onset of paralysis could be reached more quickly. Scanning electron microscopy revealed gross surface damage from 24 h onwards in vivo, in the form of erosion of the anterior and posterior extremities of the fluke and large-scale sloughing of the tegument on both dorsal and ventral surfaces. Tegumental changes prior to sloughing included some swelling of the basal infolds and an apical accumulation of T1 secretory bodies. In the underlying tegumental cells there was reduced secretory activity and the mitochondria were consistently swollen and deformed. Reduced secretory activity was a feature of the gastrodermal cells as well; these cells were characterized by swollen, electron-lucent mitochondria, vesiculated GER cisternae and apical blebbing of packets of cytoplasm. The vitelline follicles became severely disrupted as a result of the breakdown of the nurse cell cytoplasm. The stem and intermediate type 1 (It1) cells rounded up and showed nuclear abnormalities. There did not appear to be a severe disruption of shell protein production in the intermediate vitelline cells, but there was a noticeable absence of glycogen in the mature vitelline cells. The effects of closantel are discussed in relation to its proposed mode of action as an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation.