Abstract
Characteristics of mineral licks and various facets of their use by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were examined in southern Indiana [USA]. Na levels were elevated in all licks, and Na was judged to be the element sought by deer. Use of licks by deer was maximum in early spring and moderated during the summer and early autumn; no winter use occurred. All sexes and ages except spotted fawns visited licks. Much aggressive interaction occurred at licks with no evidence of formation of a dominance hierarchy; only adult males were clearly dominant. The primary role of licks is the provision of Na during periods of Na deficiency. Requisite characteristics for any attractant proposed as an alternative to Na are discussed.