The semiclassical theory of laser cooling

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Abstract
This paper reviews the basic theory of the mechanical action of light in resonant interaction with atoms. At present the main application is laser cooling, but the approach is applicable to a broader range of phenomena. It is based on an adiabatic elimination philosophy, which turns out to give the lowest-order quantum corrections to the behavior found when the photon momentum goes to zero. Hence it is called a semiclassical theory. In this manner a subjective but consistent approach can be presented; other treatments are incorporated or mentioned at the appropriate places. Both the classical and the quantum-mechanical approach are discussed. Those readers who wish to obtain only a heuristic overview of the phenomena can concentrate on Sec. III, which treats both the photon momentum effects and their connection with photon counting statistics. The detailed theoretical treatment utilizes Wigner functions and Fokker-Planck techniques. The ensuing theory is applied both to the cooling of free particles and trapped ones. The paper ends with an extensive bibliography, where the author lists most papers of interest for research into the mechanical manifestations of light. For completeness, many papers are included that are not explicitly mentioned in the text.