Origin of abnormality in a human simelian foetus as elucidated by our knowledge of vertebrate development

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Abstract
In this paper we attempt to explain the abnormality of a simelian foetus with reference to our present knowledge of vertebrate development. The various developmental defects seem to have a single common origin: the speeding‐up of the progression of cell differentiation in the noto‐chord anlage—which is the organization centre of the embryo—during the regression of the Hensen's node. Cell activity involved in the morphogenetic movements in the chordamesoderm probably stopped before it should have. The elongation of the notochord anlage was not completed, resulting in the defective development of the posterior part of the foetus. A number of pairs of posterior trunk somites were not induced. Consequently (1) the pelvic limb buds, whose posterior parts were missing, fused, bringing in further developmental deviations in the limb skeleton and abdominal muscles; (2) there are no vertebrae between the first sacral vertebra and the misshaped coccyx formed by the tail bud. The derivatives of the posterior endoderm (hindgut, bladder and ureters) were not induced either. The cauda equina is deficient. The absence of functional kidneys and the presence of embryonic urinary tubules in the pelvic cysts which are wrapped up by gut epithelium suggest the induction of the metanephric mesenchyme by ectopic endoderm. The speeding‐up of differentiation in the notochord anlage also probably resulted in the excessive extension of its anterior region which is the organizer of brain structures. This explains the overdevelopment of the nose and of the neuro‐cranium, and the low position of the ear. A gene mutation as well as a mechanical stress are the possible causes of the abnormal behaviour of the notochord anlage.