Advocacy Aimd the Urban Poor

Abstract
A major change in urban planning, brought about by the War on Poverty and Model Cities programs, has been the politicizing of the planning and resource allocation process. As advocates of the needs of the urban poor, planners have worked both inside and outside the local government establishment. From these experiences, two styles of advocacy planning can be distinguished: directed, or outside advocacy, and nondi-rected, or inside, advocacy. These styles are compared against the backdrop of case studies in San Francisco and Oakland.

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