Hysteresis in the response of stomatal conductance in Pinus sylvestris L needles to light: observations and a hypothesis

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Abstract
The response of stomatal conductance in Pinus sylvestris L. to a sequence of progressively changed photon flux densities showed hysteresis when the direction of the sequence was reversed. Hysteresis was most evident when 1 h was allowed for stabilization at a temperature of 10°C and a leaf‐air vapour pressure difference of 0.5 kPa. The hysteresis was largely eliminated by a stabilization time of 2.5 h or a temperature of 20°C. Elimination of self shading also largely eliminated the hysteresis and resulted in light saturation of stomatal conductance at about 600 μE m−2 s−1 whereas with the normal grouping of fasicles light saturation was not achieved at 1750 μE m−2 s−1 even with bilateral illumination. Hysteresis was also eliminated by reduction in the maximum attainable conductance as a result of large leaf‐air vapour pressure differences (> 1.8 kPa) but reducing the ambient CO2 concentration to the compensation concentration or below had no effect on hysteresis. In addition to the hysteresis, there was a carry‐over effect of the previous treatment. When the direction of the sequence of photon flux densities was changed, stomatal conductance continued to change in the direction appropriate to the previous sequence for at least 1 h. The presence of a transportable chemical intermediate is postulated, the amount or activity of which would take some time to change after a change in photon flux density. The presence of such an intermediate could account for both the sluggishness of the stomata and the carry over effect. As a result of the sluggish behaviour and carryover, in the field stomatal conductance will tend to follow the general trend in photon flux density and will be very insensitive to short term fluctuations.