The use of ultrasound for the removal of the smear layer. The effect of sodium hypochlorite concentration; SEM study

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Abstract
This study was carried out to determine the optimum concentration of sodium hypochlorite activated by ultrasound needed to remove the smear layer from an instrumented root canal wall. The results indicated that under the conditions of this experiment a 4 per cent solution of sodium hypochlorite removed all of the smear layer from all 5 specimens; a 2 per cent solution was almost as effective; 1 per cent or 1/2 per cent solutions were less effective, and water was the least effective. A 2 per cent solution of sodium hypochlorite activated by ultrasound would appear to be the optimum concentration for the production of a smear free root canal wall under clinical conditions.

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