Pulmonary insulin delivery by means of the Technosphere™ drug carrier mechanism

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Abstract
Technosphere™/Insulin (TI) is a formulation of regular human insulin designed for efficient transport across the respiratory epithelium into the circulation. The drug carrier mechanism achieves a fast systemic insulin uptake (maximum time ∼ 15 – 20 min), a fast onset of action (maximum activity ∼ 25 – 30 min) and a short duration of action (∼ 2 h). Bioavailability, relative to subcutaneous injection, was established to be between 30 and 50% with a linear dose–response relationship and low variability. In all published short-term studies, TI was well tolerated. Provided a reliable long-term safety profile, TI may become a suitable alternative to subcutaneous injection for prandial insulin delivery. TI offers the possibility of new treatment regimens, especially in patients with Type 2 diabetes.