Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen Galactic Gradients: A Solution to the Carbon Enrichment Problem

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Abstract
Eleven models of Galactic chemical evolution, differing in the carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen yields adopted, have been computed to reproduce the Galactic O/H values obtained from H II regions. All the models fit the oxygen gradient, but only two models also fit the carbon gradient, those based on carbon yields that increase with metallicity owing to stellar winds in massive stars (MSs) and decrease with metallicity owing to stellar winds in low- and intermediate-mass stars (LIMSs). The successful models also fit the C/O versus O/H evolution history of the solar vicinity obtained from stellar observations. We also compare the present-day N/H gradient and the N/O versus O/H and the C/Fe, N/Fe, O/Fe versus Fe/H evolution histories of the solar vicinity predicted by our two best models with those derived from H II regions and from stellar observations. While our two best models fit the C/H and O/H gradients, as well as the C/O versus O/H history, only model 1 fits well the N/H gradient and the N/O values for metal-poor stars but fails to fit the N/H values for metal-rich stars. Therefore, we conclude that our two best models solve the C enrichment problem but that further work needs to be done on the N enrichment problem. By adding the C and O production since the Sun was formed predicted by models 1 and 2 to the observed solar values, we find an excellent agreement with the O/H and C/H values of the solar vicinity derived from H II region O and C recombination lines. Our results are based on an initial mass function (IMF) steeper than Salpeter's; a Salpeter-like IMF predicts C/H, N/H, and O/H ratios higher than observed. One of the most important results of this paper is that the fraction of carbon due to MSs and LIMSs in the interstellar medium is strongly dependent on time and on the galactocentric distance; at present about half of the carbon in the interstellar medium of the solar vicinity has been produced by MSs and half by LIMSs.