Internal Bias Field Effects in Lead Zirconate-Titanate Ceramics Doped with Multiple Impurities

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Abstract
The effects of doping with multiple impurities on the electromechanical properties of lead zirconate-titanate ceramics have been investigated from the viewpoint of the internal bias field. The internal bias field is strengthened by doping with the multiple acceptors K and Fe, but weakened by the multiple donors La and Nb. Simultaneous doping with donor and acceptor prevents the field from being enhanced by the latter. These facts suggest that the internal bias field is caused by a complex of an acceptor impurity and an oxygen vacancy. The properties of ceramics can be varied by controlling this field, and the mechanical quality factor and the aging change in the frequency constant are proportional to it.