The cystacanth of Moniliformis moniliformis (Bremser, 1811) and its relationship with the haemocytes of the intermediate host (Periplaneta americana)

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Abstract
The nature of the capsule of the cystacanth of Moniliformis moniliformis was studied. Fat body, tracheal system, Malpighian tubules and haemocytes of the host are intimately associated with the cystacanth. The capsule of the cystacanth is cellular. The cells encapsulating the middle and late acanthellae are granular haemocytes of the host, whereas those encapsulating the cystacanth are agranular. Degranulation of haemocytes after encapsulation of the cystacanth recalls the common method for encapsulation of parasites by insect haemocytes, but a difference between the two kinds of encapsulation is that the capsule around the cystacanth does not bring about melanization nor destroys the parasite. It is suggested that the surface of the parasite may have inhibitors against enzyme systems causing melanization. Host haemocytes are also found in the capsular fluid. The infiltration of haemocytes into the capsule may be in response to the release of metabolites by the parasites. It is also suggested that the haemocytes may detoxify the parasitic metabolites. Rarely, capsules containing two parasites were observed. In one of the cases, one of the two cystacanths already possessed its own capsule. This finding, together with the cellular nature of the capsule, suggests that the capsule is of host origin.