Some Problems and Guiding Principles of Angiosperm Phylogeny

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Abstract
The inadequate fossil record, prevalence of convergent evolution, extreme reduction or other modification of some angiosperms, and incomplete training of phylogenists are discussed. Selected examples are presented of the application of some operating principles to the search for relationships and origins. Listed are the probable features of the immediate common ancestors of the most primitive living angiosperms (of the Annonales, Nymphaeales, and Hamamelidales). Suggested are the probable phylogenetic relationships, among others, of the Aristolo-chiaceae (Annonales ), Papaveraceae (Berberidales) Cactaceae (Chenopo-diales), Ceratophyllaceae (Nymphaeales), Lemnaceae (Arales), Sparganiaceae (Typhales near the Arales), Poaceae (Poales) and Cyperaceae and Juncaceae (Cyperales) each with common origin with the Xyridales.