Electric linear dichroism and birefringence of biological polyelectrolytes

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Abstract
The phenomenon of electro-optic orientation was discovered by John Kerr in 1875 and has been used extensively for determining the optical polarizability anisotropy of small molecules and for high-speed transmission of optical signals. Measurements on biopolymers have been made at least since 1950, but only in the last decade have these yielded definitive structural and physical information. In the course of this review, it should become obvious that among the reasons for this late development is the inherent difficulty of analysing optical data that depend simultaneously on intrinsic optical-structural properties of the molecules, and on their degree of orientation under the conditions of the experiment. The problem has been particularly difficult far biopolymers such as the nucleic acids, whose polarization in an electric field is dependent on their special polyelectrolyte properties. These unique electrostatic properties are an important feature in the interpretation of the experimental observations.