The dual effect of internal tetramethylammonium ions on the open states of the sodium channel in the squid giant axon

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Abstract
Voltage-clamp recordings of I$_{\text{Na}}$ in squid axons dialysed with Cs or TMA, and bathed in low Na choline seawater, showed that, except close to threshold, the initial peak of fast-inactivating current was invariably decreased by TMA, whereas the non-inactivating current in the steady state was simultaneously increased. The results suggest that although TMA does not act directly on the movements of the voltage sensors that activate the sodium system, it blocks single-channel conductance in a voltage-dependent fashion in both the open states of the Na channel, while it has an entirely different type of action by increasing the probability of late openings in the steady state. Another difference between the two open states was that the sodium permeability coefficient had a Q$_{10}$ of 1.8 in the initial open state, whereas in the steady state the effect of temperature was much smaller or even negative.