BURROWING OWL (ATHENE CUNICULARIA) POPULATION GENETICS: A COMPARISON OF NORTH AMERICAN FORMS AND MIGRATORY HABITS
- 1 January 2005
- journal article
- Published by Oxford University Press (OUP) in The Auk
Abstract
We assessed the effects of range disjunction, migratory habit, coloniality, and habitat structure on the genetic differentiation of North American Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia) populations. Burrowing Owls in North America comprise two forms or subspecies: A. c. floridana in Florida, separated by ∼1,500 km from the western form, A. c. hypugaea, which ranges from Texas to California and north to southern Canada. Burrowing Owls tend to be loosely colonial, and both the Florida populations and southerly populations of A. c. hypugaea from California to Texas are nonmigratory. To assess genetic structure, we examined 201 individuals from nine western and six Florida populations at seven highly variable microsatellite DNA loci. Mean gene diversity (Hexp) was higher in the west than in Florida (0.539 and 0.341, respectively; P < 0.05). Populations within subspecies were essentially panmictic (A. c. floridana: θ = 0.038, ρ = 0.014; A. c. hypugaea: θ = 0.014, ρ = 0.009) and even genetic differentiation across subspecies was modest (θ = 0.051, ρ = 0.014). Nevertheless, the western and Florida forms were easily distinguished by any of several criteria, such as allelic absences in Florida, assignment tests, and well-supported branches on the inferred phylogenetic tree. Genetic differentiation was at least twice as great in resident Florida (θ = 0.038) and California (θ = 0.021) populations as in migratory western populations (θ = 0.012), though 95% confidence intervals of theta estimates overlapped. We found no evidence of a genetic bottleneck that would result in evolutionary disequilibrium within subspecies. In the west, high observed heterozygosity values and evidence of gene flow suggest that population declines and patchy habitat, which currently imperil this species throughout much of its range, have not led to inbreeding or biologically meaningful genetic differentiation among the sampled populations. Genética Poblacional de Athene cunicularia: Una Comparación entre las Formas de Norteamérica y Entre Hábitos Migratorios Determinamos los efectos de las disyunciones del rango, de los hábitos migratorios, de la colonialidad y de la estructura del hábitat sobre la diferenciación genética de poblaciones de Athene cunicularia. En Norteamérica esta especie comprende dos formas to subespecies: A. c. floridana en Florida, separada por ∼1500 km de la forma del oeste, A. c. hypugaea, que se distribuye desde Texas hasta California y hacia el norte hasta el sur de Canadá. Athene cunicularia tiende a ser semi-colonial y tanto las poblaciones de Florida como las poblaciones sureñas de A. c. hypugaea de California hasta Texas no son migratorias. Para determinar la estructura genética, examinamos siete loci variables de ADN microsatelital en 201 individuos de nueve poblaciones del oeste y de seis poblaciones de Florida. La diversidad genética promedio (Hesp) fue mayor en la población del oeste que en la de Florida (0.539 y 0.341, respectivamente; P < 0.05). Las poblaciones dentro de las subespecies fueron esencialmente panmicticas (A. c. floridana: θ = 0.038, ρ = 0.014; A. c. hypugaea: θ = 0.014, ρ = 0.009), e incluso la diferenciación entre las subespecies fue modesta (θ = 0.051, ρ = 0.014). Sin embargo, las formas del oeste y las de Florida se distinguieron fácilmente por cualquiera de varios criterios, tales como la ausencia de alelos en Florida, pruebas de asignación, y ramas fuertemente apoyadas en el árbol filogenético inferido. La diferenciación genética fue por lo menos dos veces mayor en las poblaciones residentes de Florida (θ = 0.038) y California (θ = 0.021) queen las poblaciones migratorias del oeste (θ = 0.012), aunque los intervalos de confianza del 95% de las estimaciones de zeta se sobrepusieron. No encontramos evidencia de un cuello de botella que podría resultar en un desequilibrio evolutivo dentro de las subespecies. En el oeste, los valores altos de heterocigocidad y la evidencia de flujo génico sugieren que las disminuciones poblacionales y la fragmentación del hábitat, que actualmente amenaza a esta especie a través de gran parte de su rango, no han causado endogamina o alguna diferenciación genética biológicamente significativa entre las poblaciones muestreadas.Keywords
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