Neuroanatomy of the Bladder-Urethra

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Abstract
The neuroanatomy of the bladder-urethra was presented in 3 sections: peripheral innervation, spinal cord organization and brain control. A considerable fund of detailed information exists regarding the peripheral innervation of the bladder, while less is known about innervation of the urethra. The basic pattern of spinal cord organization is understood, but current knowledge about brain control of micturition and continence is still fragmentary. Detrusor motor centers in the brainstem reticular formation are essential for normal micturition. The centers are influenced by input from the spinal cord, cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, hypothalamus and cerebellum. Descending pathways regulate detrusor and sphincter efferent neurons in the spinal cord.