Suprapubic aspiration under ultrasound guidance in children with fever of undiagnosed cause

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Abstract
Objectives: To assess the ease of use of suprapubic aspiration of urine under ultrasound guidance in babies with fever of uncertain cause and to assess the importance of bacterial counts and pyuria in relation to abnormalities of the urinary tract and the importance of pyuria in the absence of bacteriuria. Design: Analysis of urine samples obtained by suprapubic aspiration in babies and children from July 1991 to June 1992. The clinical records of the children with bacteriuria and sterile pyuria were examined retrospectively. Setting: Neonatal and paediatric wards of a district general hospital. Subjects - 508 babies and children who had fever of uncertain cause or were seriously ill. Results: No difficulties arose in the collection of 545 specimens. Bacteria were isolated from the specimens of 44 children, 24 of whom had abnormalities of the urinary tract. The bacterial count was 8/1 in 18 of the children with bacteriuria, 10 of whom had abnormalities. No white cells were seen in 22 of the 46 bacteriuric specimens; nine of the children with no pyuria had vesicoureteric reflux. 439 of the 499 non -bacteriuric specimens showed no white cells. 60 children had pyuria without bacteriuria. Conclusions: The use of ultrasound guidance simplifies suprapubic aspiration of urine in babies. Low bacterial counts may be associated with abnormalities of the urinary tract. Laboratory techniques capable of detecting such counts reliably should be used. Pyuria is absent in half of babies and very young children with bacteriuria. It rarely occurs without bacteriuria, and if it does an explanation should be sought.