Differences in hydropathic properties of ligand binding at four independent sites in wheat germ agglutinin‐oligosaccharide crystal complexes

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Abstract
The binding interactions of N‐acetyl‐D‐neuraminic acid and N,N' diacetyl‐chitobiose (GlcNAc‐β‐1,4‐GIcNAc), observed in crystal complexes of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) at four independent sites/monomer, were analyzed and compared with the modeling program HINT (Hydropathic INTeractions). This empirical method allows assessment of relative ligand binding strength and is particularly applicable to cases of weak binding where experimental data is absent. Although the four WGA binding sites are interrelated by a fourfold sequence repeat (eight sites/dimer), similarity extends only to the presence of an aromatic amino acid‐rich pocket and a conserved serine. Strong binding requires additional interactions from a contacting domain in the second subunit. Ligand positions were either derived from crystal structures and further optimized by modeling and molecular mechanics, or from comparative modeling. Analysis of the overall HINT binding scores for the two types of ligands are consistent with the presence of two high‐affinity and two low‐affinity sites per monomer. Identity of these sites correlates well with crystal structure occupancies. The high‐affinity sites are roughly equivalent, as predicted from solution binding studies. Binding scores for the low‐affinity sites are weaker by at least a factor of two. Quantitative estimates for polar, nonpolar, and ionic interactions revealed that H‐bonding makes the largest contribution to complex stabilization in the seven bound configurations, consistent with published thermodynamic data. Although the observed nonpolar interactions are small, they may play a critical role in orienting the ligand optimally.