The Effectiveness of Sanction Linkages: Issues and Actors

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Abstract
This paper develops an analytical framework to examine the impacts of issues and actors' relations on linkage diplomacy. Three types of issues—substantive, symbolic, and transcendent—are differentiated on the basis of the tangibility of the stakes therein attached in linkages. The effectiveness of sanction linkages is shown to be related to the nature of the linkage issues. On the other hand, three linkage processes—compliance, identification, and internalization, which correspond to the decision-making models of realism, dependency theory, and regime analysis, and are defined by “ideology” and “penetration”—are found useful for predicting the results of sanction linkages.

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