The vibratory pattern of ultrasonic files driven piezoelectrically

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Abstract
The pattern of oscillation of a Piezon‐Master 400 ultrasonic file driven by a piezoelectric transducer was studied in air and on water. In addition, the displacement amplitudes of the files were measured. The findings were compared with those observed with the Cavi‐Endo unit reported in another study (Ahmad 1969). It was observed that the file vibrated such that a standing wave was formed on the file and it exhibited points of maximum deflection (antinode) and points of minimum deflection (node) with the largest deflection occurring at the apical end. This pattern of oscillation was similar to that exhibited by the Cavi‐Endo file which employed a magnetostrictive transducer. However, the displacement amplitudes were very much higher than those exhibited by the Cavi‐Endo. It is considered that the 120° angle of the file holder inherent in the Piezon‐ Master 400 unit and the more effective power transmission with the piezoelectric transducer may have contributed to the large amplitudes.