The PEA-15/PED protein protects glioblastoma cells from glucose deprivation-induced apoptosis via the ERK/MAP kinase pathway

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Abstract
PEA-15 (phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes 15 kDa) is a death effector domain-containing protein, which is involved in the regulation of apoptotic cell death. Since PEA-15 is highly expressed in cells of glial origin, we studied the role of PEA-15 in human malignant brain tumors. Immunohistochemical analysis of PEA-15 expression shows strong immunoreactivity in astrocytomas and glioblastomas. Phosphorylation of PEA-15 at Ser116 is found in vivo in perinecrotic areas in glioblastomas and in vitro after glucose deprivation of glioblastoma cells. Overexpression of PEA-15 induces a marked resistance against glucose deprivation-induced apoptosis, whereas small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated downregulation of endogenous PEA-15 results in the sensitization to glucose withdrawal-mediated cell death. This antiapoptotic activity of PEA-15 under low glucose conditions depends on its phosphorylation at Ser116. Moreover, siRNA-mediated knockdown of PEA-15 abolishes the tumorigenicity of U87MG glioblastoma cells in vivo. PEA-15 regulates the level of phosphorylated extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 in glioblastoma cells and the PEA-15-dependent protection from glucose deprivation-induced cell death requires ERK1/2 signaling. PEA-15 transcriptionally upregulates the Glucose Transporter 3, which is abrogated by the inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Taken together, our findings suggest that Ser116-phosphorylated PEA-15 renders glioma cells resistant to glucose deprivation-mediated cell death as encountered in poor microenvironments, for example in perinecrotic areas of glioblastomas.