Haematological Differences Between Chronic Granulocytic Leukaemia, Atypical Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia, and Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukaemia

Publisher Website
Google Scholar
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is a generic term that include five apparently distinct entities. The best known form, the classical Ph-positive subtype, accounts for about 90% of all cases of CML. The morphology of its presentation blood film is highly characteristic but is also seen in about half of the remaining 10% of cases, which are Ph-negative. This classical morphological subtype, whether Ph-positive or Ph-negative I describe as ‘chronic granulocytic leukaemia’ to refer to the exuberant granulocytic proliferation which is its hallmark. This term is often used indiscriminately and interchangeably with ‘chronic myeloid leukaemia’ and similar terms, just as ‘chronic lymphocytic leukaemia’ was, until recently, used to cover the chronic lymphoid leukaemias in general, but is now used in a specific sense23. Chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL), whether Ph-positive or Ph-negative, is almost always BCR-rearranged and associated with the production of a unique 210-kd protein with enhanced tyrosine kinase activity. Most of the remaining cases of Ph-negative CML are examples of either chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML), a subtype almost as homogeneous as CGL, and characterized in its presentation blood film by the presence of monocytes and neutrophils but few immature granulocytes, or atypical CML (aCML), distinct from and less homogeneous than either CGL or CMML, in which some cases also share features with CGL while others share some with CMML. CMML and aCML do not show BCR rearrangement and are not associated with the production of p210kd. CGL, CMML, and aCML, though characterized on morphological features differ in their clinical features and behaviour, response to treatment and survival. It is therefore clinically important that they are diagnosed accurately. Guidelines for doing so would also permit precise descriptions of each case submitted for molecular studies, thus assisting the working out of the events resulting in each phenotype, and enriching our understanding of the molecular basis of stem-cell differentiation.