Abstract
Over-refraction provides a powerful method for the refractive examination of the aphakic or highly ametropic patient. Practical difficulties in mathematical or graphical combination of over-refraction and original spherocylinders have tended to limit the clinical use of over-refraction methods. Inexpensive programmable calculators render over-refraction clinically practical. An over-refraction program for the Texas Instruments Tl-59 Card-Programmable Calculator is presented. Program running time, exclusive of data entry and readout, is under 15 s.

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