Abstract
This investigation provided evidence that four-year-olds can develop concepts of clarinet timbre, trombone timbre, cello timbre, exact melodic repetition, and half-step intervals when Aural-Visual Identification Instruction (AVII) model materials are used. The socioeconomic background, sex, and age of a child at the beginning of instruction (48 months or more) on the task were not significantly related to achievement. Number of practice trials was a significant effect for mastery of cello and exact repetition concepts. Individual-tested posttest scores had only a low correlation with group-tested posttest scores.

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