Neem as Seed Treatment for Rice Before Sowing: Effects on Two Homopterous Insects and Seedling Vigor

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Abstract
Compared with treated seedlings, fewer first-instar Nephotettix virescens (Distant) nymphs reached the adult stage on 'TN1' rice seedlings raised from seeds treated before sowing with ≥2.5% neem kernel extract or with 2% neem cake. Likewise, fewer Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) nymphs became adults in treatments with neem extracts. Neem cake treatments were not effective. Neem treatments affected neither seed germination nor root length, shoot length, or chlorophyll content of rice eultivars ‘IR36’ and ‘IR42.’ Seedlings from seeds treated with neem were more vigorous, and had higher root and shoot growth indexes and dry weights than those that germinated from the control.

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