The cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase of Dictyostelium discoideum: The structure of the gene and its regulation and role in development

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Abstract
The cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (phosphodiesterase) of Dictyostelium discoideum plays an essential role in development by hydrolyzing the cAMP used as a chemoattractant by aggregating cells. We have studied the biochemistry of the phosphodiesterase and a functionally related protein, the phosphodiesterase inhibitor protein, and have cloned the cognate genes. A 1.8‐kb and a 2.2‐kb mRNA are transcribed from the singlephosphodiesterase gene. The 2.2‐kb mRNA comprises the majority of the phosphodiesterase mRNA found in differentiating cells and is transcribed only during development from a promoter at least 2.5 kb upstream of the translational start site. The 1.8‐kb phosphodiesterase mRNA is detected at all stages of growth and development, is present at lower levels than the developmentally induced mRNA, and is transcribed from a site proximal to the protein‐coding region. The phosphodiesterase gene contains a minimum of three exons, and a 2.3‐kb intron, the longest yet reported for this organism. We have shown that the pds A. gene and fourfgd genes affect, the accumulation of the phosphodiesterase mRNAs, and we believe that these loci represent a significant portion of the genes regulating expression of the phosphodiesterase. The phosphodiesterase gene was introduced into cells by transformation and used as a tool to explore the effects of cAMP on the terminal stages of development. In cells expressing high levels of phosphodiesterase activity, final morphogenesis cannot be completed, and differentiated spore and stalk cells do not form. We interpret these results to support the hypothesis that cAMP plays an essential role in organizing cell movements in late development as well as in controlling the aggregation of cells in the initial phase of the developmental program.