Barium Exhaust Spectrum during the Expansion of Combustion Products through a Nozzle into Vacuum

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Abstract
The emission spectrum from a two-phase nozzle jet, consisting of combustion products of Ba and CuO, revealed that non-equilibrium amounts of excited and ionized Ba atoms occur only during the nozzle starting transient. Traces of BaO-and Cu2-molecules could be identified in the cold outer parts of the jet. The particle temperature near the nozzle, derived from novel measurements of apparent color and brightness temperature, confirms LTE calculations if the vaporization of excess Ba is taken to be a fast process.

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