Amphibian Distribution with Respect to Pond Water Chemistry near Sudbury, Ontario

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Abstract
Amphibians were present in 118 potential breeding sites 9–66 km northeast and southwest of Sudbury, Ontario. Detailed chemical analyses were done for 38 ponds, and 23 variables were subjected to principal components analysis to summarize the main gradients in pond chemistry. Discriminant analysis using scores of the first three principal components showed that the presence of Rana pipiens, R. clamitans and Hyla crucifer was positively related to buffering status (alkalinity, pH, and other correlated variables); the presence of H. crucifer was also negatively related to atmospheric deposition status (cadmium, nickel, other correlated metals, and sulphate). Discriminant analysis using the original water chemistry variables confirms these general patterns. Two species show relationships with buffering status variables: Rana sylvatica with conductivity and R. clamitans with alkalinity. Three species also show negative correlation with metal levels in pond water: Bufo americanus with nickel, R. clamitans with aluminum, and R. pipiens with zinc. Although most of the species expected do occur in the Sudbury area, the distributions of several species appear related to buffering status and metals present in their immediate environemnt. There were only two observations of Ambystoma maculatum, and low numbers of egg masses were noted for R. sylvatica.