Fast 23 Na Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Acute Reperfused Myocardial Infarction

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Abstract
Background The ability of the myocyte to maintain an ionic concentration gradient is perhaps the best indication of myocardial viability. We studied the relationship of 23 Na MRI intensity to viability and explored the potential of fast-imaging techniques to reduce 23 Na imaging times in rabbits and dogs. Methods and Results Eighteen rabbits underwent in situ coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion. The hearts were then either imaged following isolation and perfusion with cardioplegic solution (n=6), imaged in vivo (n=6), or analyzed for 23 Na content and relaxation times (n=12). Normal rabbits (n=6) and dogs (n=4) were imaged to examine the effect of animal size on 23 Na image quality. 23 Na imaging times were 7, 11, and 4 minutes for isolated rabbits, in vivo rabbits, and in vivo dogs, respectively. Infarcted, reperfused regions, identified by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, showed a significant elevation in 23 Na image intensity compared with viable regions (isolated, 42±5%, P <.02; in vivo, 95±6%, P <.001), consistent with increased tissue sodium content. Similarly, 23 Na MR spectroscopy showed that [Na + ] was higher in nonviable than viable myocardium (isolated, 99±4 versus 61±2 mmol/L; in vivo, 91±2 versus 38±1 mmol/L; P <.001 for both). Image signal-to-noise ratios were higher in dogs than rabbits despite shorter imaging times, primarily due to larger voxels. Conclusions Following acute infarction with reperfusion, a regional increase in 23 Na MR image intensity is associated with nonviable myocardium. Fast gradient-echo imaging techniques reduce 23 Na imaging times to a few minutes, suggesting that 23 Na MR imaging has the potential to become a useful experimental and clinical tool.