Urinary Tract Obstruction

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Abstract
EVALUATION of urinary tract obstruction is undergoing considerable change owing to the introduction of many new imaging modalities. Imaging studies used in evaluating possible obstruction include the abdominal roentgenogram, excretory urography, ultrasound, computed tomography, retrograde pyelography, and antegrade pyelography. The first part of this discussion will deal with the specific imaging studies and the information that they can provide. The interrelationships of these studies and their uses in given clinical situations will then be discussed in part 2. PART 1 Abdominal Roentgenogram The abdominal roentgenogram is simple to obtain and may show obvious causes of obstruction, such as ureteral stones or even large bladder stones. Marked hydronephrosis can occasionally be suggested from the plain-film findings of an enlarged kidney and a soft-tissue "mass" effect produced by an enlarged renal pelvis. Excretory Urography This is the primary imaging study in most instances of known or suspected obstruction.1Obstruction can be

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